The
citation element represents an author's acknowledgment of the original author and/or work of a directly or indirectly borrowed idea,
quote or other resource. Citations typically occur in conjunction with epigraphs, quotes, illustrations, charts and diagrams.
The
Phrase variant is an adaptation for use where citations are included inline with the quoted material.
The optional
ref
attribute on the
citation element is used to establish an explicit association between the
citation and the passage or resource it references; the placement of the
citation does not, by default, imply an association with any element in the document. Some elements do provide a mechanism for implied
relationships, however (see the
quote
element, for example). When adding citations, refer to the documentation for the element the citation is being attached to
for more information.
A
citation can also be linked to the work it cites by including a child
ref
element. A
ref
attribute can be attached to the nested
ref element to reference a work in the current document's
bibliography
, for example. To reference other resources, including resources external to the current document, the
xlink:href
attribute must be used instead.
Parentheses, brackets and other enclosing characters should be included within the
citation element if they must be retained in the file. The use of CSS for appending these characters is recommended, however, for
the flexibility it allows to change the characters depending on the desired output.
Usage details available in the Usage Details section.
Usage Example
<p>By his return he was critical of the Bible as history, and wondered why all
religions should not be equally valid. <citation>Darwin 1958, pp. 85–96</citation></p>
Allowed parents
annotation (block variant),
annotation (phrase variant),
m:annotation-xml,
aside,
block,
caption,
citation (block variant),
citation (phrase variant),
d,
definition,
description (block variant),
description (phrase variant),
item,
ln,
d:longdesc,
meta,
note (block variant),
note (phrase variant),
object (block variant),
object (phrase variant),
p,
ssml:phoneme,
ssml:prosody,
quote (block variant),
quote (phrase variant),
its:rb,
its:rt,
s,
ssml:say-as (phrase variant),
ssml:say-as (text variant),
d:simplifiedLanguageDescription,
span,
ssml:sub,
d:summary,
td,
th and
d:tour
Allowed children
This element may contain text.
This element may contain the following children: abbr,
annoref,
annotation,
ssml:break,
char,
citation,
code,
d,
definition,
emph (text variant),
emph (phrase variant),
expansion,
rend:linebreak,
ln,
m:math,
name,
note,
noteref,
num,
object (text variant),
object (phrase variant),
pagebreak,
ssml:phoneme (text variant),
ssml:phoneme (phrase variant),
ssml:prosody (text variant),
ssml:prosody (phrase variant),
quote,
ref,
its:ruby,
s,
ssml:say-as (text variant),
ssml:say-as (phrase variant),
span (text variant),
span (phrase variant),
sub,
ssml:sub (text variant),
ssml:sub (phrase variant),
sup,
term,
time,
ssml:token (text variant),
ssml:token (phrase variant) and
w
Content model and additional requirements
optional attributes:
@about,
@by,
@class,
@content,
@continuation,
@datatype,
@desc,
@its:dir,
@its:translate,
@property,
@rel,
@resource,
@rev,
@role,
@ssml:onlangfailure,
@typeof,
@xml:base,
@xml:id,
@xml:lang and
@xml:spaceoptionally
a choice of
end of choice
one or more of
a choice of either one of the 45 elements:
abbr,
annoref,
annotation,
char,
citation,
code,
d,
definition,
emph,
emph,
expansion,
its:ruby,
ln,
m:math,
name,
note,
noteref,
num,
object,
object,
pagebreak,
quote,
ref,
rend:linebreak,
s,
span,
span,
ssml:break,
ssml:break,
ssml:phoneme,
ssml:phoneme,
ssml:prosody,
ssml:prosody,
ssml:say-as,
ssml:say-as,
ssml:sub,
ssml:sub,
ssml:token,
ssml:token,
sub,
sup,
term,
time,
w or
wor text
end of choice
Note that in addition to restrictions presented in the content model above,
use of this element must also respect the following requirements:
- The
citation element must neither be empty nor contain only whitespace.
- The
ref attribute on the
ref element must refer to an
entry in a
bibliography when nested inside a
citation element.
Such requirements take precedence over any conflicting statements in the
content model or in the lists above of allowed children and parents.
Variants
This element exists in 2 variants. The other variant is the block variant.
Namespace
http://www.daisy.org/ns/z3998/authoring/
Usage Details
The following example shows how to reference an
entry in a
bibliography using the
ref attribute on the nested
ref element:
<p>By his return he was critical of the Bible as history, and wondered why all religions should
not be equally valid. <citation><ref ref="darwin-1958">Darwin 1958</ref>, pp. 85–96</citation></p>
…
<bibliography>
<entry xml:id="darwin-1958">
Darwin, Charles (1958). Barlow, Nora. ed. The Autobiography of Charles Darwin 1809–1882. London: Collins.
</entry>
</bibliography>
The following example shows how to explicitly associate a citation with an excerpt, in this case a
quote:
<quote xml:id="q1">
In The Origin, Darwin provided an alternative hypothesis for the development,
diversification, and design of life. [...] In Darwin's day, the evidence for
his theories was compelling but not completely decisive.
</quote>
<citation ref="q1">Coyne, Jerry A. (2009). Why Evolution is True. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 17. </citation>
The same example could take advantage of the implied association between a
quote and a child
citation by being rewritten as follows:
<quote>
<p>
In The Origin, Darwin provided an alternative hypothesis for the development,
diversification, and design of life. [...] In Darwin's day, the evidence for
his theories was compelling but not completely decisive.
</p>
<citation>Coyne, Jerry A. (2009). Why Evolution is True. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 17. </citation>
</quote>